The Russian Revolution

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outbreak of Russo-Japanese War, Plehve assassinated and replaced by Mirskii: the great Zemstvo Congress (November 1904)

“Bloody Sunday”

tsarism tries moderate reforms

the debacle of Tsushima and talk of a representative body

university turmoil resumes and leads to general strike

Witte advises concessions

emergence of St. Petersburg Soviet

the October Manifesto

Witte forms cabinet and represses radicals; nationwide pogroms

1905 as apogee of Russian liberalism

2 Official Russia

Patrimonialism

Nicholas and Alexandra

the bureaucracy

ministries

conservative and liberal officialdom

economic development undermines autocracy

the army

the gentry

the Orthodox church

3 Rural Russia

Household, village, and commune

land shortage

industrial workers

peasant mentality

peasant attitudes to law and property

changes in peasant mood after 1900

4 The Intelligentsia

Its European origins

sociétés de pensée

socialism as ideology of the intelligentsia