Schism

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In 1975–76, congressional investigations revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency had made use of missionaries, medical personnel, and news reporters abroad, recruiting them, for pay or patriotism, into espionage networks. In 1976, under new guidelines accepted by the CIA Director, it was stated that the Agency “has no secret paid or contractual relationship with any American clergyman or missionary. This practice will be continued as a matter of policy.” However, by 1980, the Director admitted in Senate testimony that he had waived the guideline three times and argued that there can be “unique circumstances” in which clergymen and others are the only means available to operate as agents “in a situation of the highest urgency and national importance.”

The late medical doctor Thomas Dooley was posthumously recognized as an intelligence operative in Laos. He was awarded the Medal of Freedom by President Eisenhower in 1959, shortly before the doctor’s death from cancer, but the Agency did not acknowledge his status with them until the late 1970s.

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