International Maoism in the Developing World

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This volume and the companion one on Maoism in the Developed World are a complement to two of my earlier works, a study of the Right Communist Opposition of the 1930s (the followers of Nikolai Bukharin), and one of International Trotskyism from 1929 to 1985. Maoism is the third major schism that the International Communist Movement, originally established with the foundation of the Communist International in 1919, suffered in its history of a little over seventy years. Two other divergences within the movement in its last quarter of a century—Titoism and “Eurocommunism”—never developed into any cohesive group of parties with a more or less well-defined ideology differentiating them from the great majority of Communist parties that remained loyal to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until the CPSU and the Soviet Union itself disappeared.

Maoism arose as a result of conflict between the world’s two largest Communist parties (and governments), those of the Soviet Union and China, which developed in the late 1950s and continued for a quarter of a century. The development of that conflict, and the emergence of a group of dissident parties loyal to Mao Tse-tung and the Chinese Communist Party and government, is traced in our introductory chapter. The rest of this volume analyzes the individual parties loyal to “Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tsetung Thought” in the countries of the Developing World: Latin America, Asia, and Africa.

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